Describe the events of 1848 in two of the following countries: France, Austria, or Prussia.
I. France
- most influential revolution of the period (turning expectations of revolution into realities)
-
A. Causes
1. Louis Philippe (1830-48) “Bourgeoisie Monarch”: lack of social legislation
2. only rich voted for deputies (representatives of rep.)
3. refusal for electoral reform(voting rights)→ “February Revolutions”
4. bad harvests, worsening depression, and rising unemployment
B. February Revolution
a. of mainly middle class; caused Louis Philippe to abdicate to his grandson
b. the people were sick of monarchs and proclaimed provisional rep. led by 10 man executive committee
c. revolutionaries began drawing up liberal constitution for second republic
d. wanted democratic republic representing common people
e. compassion for freedom: freeing slaves, abolishment of death penalty, 10 hr work day in Paris
f. 2 Groups
i. moderate republicans of middle class wanting universal male suffrage but opposed all other concessions
ii. radical republicans (many artisans) committed to a form of socialism
C. National workshops
1. Blanc- represented republican socialists
a. advocated the right to work
b. supported permanent govt. sponsored workshops to employ workers
i. intermediate of capitalism and socialism
c. moderates wanted only temporary relief
d. compromise: national workshops→ great outcome
D. people of France
1. voted for constituent assembly
2. violent reaction (of upper, middle, and peasants) against socialism
a. socialism was the most characteristic aspect of revolution
3. clash of ideals also meant clash of classes
4. Blanc was dropped → causing invasion (May 15) of constituent assembly by workers
a. middle class national guard controlled them
5. workshops began to fill more and become more radical
a. June 22, they were dissolved
i. gave choice to join army or workshops in provinces
ii. caused a violent uprising (class war)
iii. “June days” army had support of Parisian peasants
iv. led by General Cavaignac
6. not a generous democratic republic but a constituent assembly with strong executive
a. caused Louis Napoleon (Bonaparte’s nephew) to win landslide victory
II. Austria
- fevered by French revolution
- liberals demanded written constitutions; representative govts; and greater liberties
- united front: urban workers, students, middle class liberals, and peasants → collapse of monarchs
- the reaction: monarchy, aristocracy, army reasserted authority and won
A. began in Hungary for autonomy (Kossuth)
1. refusal→ revolt with students, workers, and peasants
2. Habsburg emperor, Ferdinand I, promised concessions
B. Habsburg empire: still agricultural and serfdom still existed
1. March 20: abolished serfdom
C. now artisans and urban workers joined in w/ socialist demands→ caused middle class to shrink back
D. the great coalition was weakened by differing national aspirations
1. Hungary leaders pushed for a liberal constitution and a unified Hungary
a. minority groups (1/2 population) rejected unification
2. allowed monarchy to play on group off one another
E. archduchess Sophia was ashamed of Ferdinand and convinced him to abdicate for her son, Francis Joseph
1. June 17, army attacked working class revolts in Prague
2. end of October, Parisian army attacked students and working class in Vienna
3. determination of Austrian aristocracy and loyalty of army were final ingredients of victory
F. June 6, 1849 Russian troops by conservative Nicholas I helped to subdue Hungary
III. Prussia
- before 1848 liberal demands: liberal constitutional monarchy that led Geramn Confederation
- after French revolt: demands intensified: Frederick William IV caved to demands of artisans, factory workers and middle class liberals
A. March 21, promised liberal constitution and German state
a. urban workers wanted more; aristocracy wanted less than this promised constitutional liberalism
b. Frankfort Assembly: (May)writing of a federal constitution for German state
B. Issue of Schleswig and Holstein
a. inhabited by Germans but ruled by Denmark
b. Frederick VII king of Denmark tried to integrated them into Denmark state→ revolt by inhabited Germans
c. war b/w Prussia and Denmark
C. March 1849, finished drafting of constitution w/ Prussian king as emperor (not including S-H and Prussia)
a. Frederick William began reasserting authority: disbanded Prussian Constituent Assembly, and granted a conservative constitution, reasserted divine right, and refused to accept “crown from gutter”
b. revolutionaries in Frankfurt waited too long
D. Frederick William wanted only to be emperor on own terms
a. tried to get support of small monarchs of Germany
b. Austria, supported by Russia, forced Prussia to renounce all ideas of unification
c. liberal and conservative national state of Germany failed
Describe the events of 1848 in two of the following countries: France, Austria, or Prussia.
I. France
- most influential revolution of the period (turning expectations of revolution into realities)
-
A. Causes
1. Louis Philippe (1830-48) “Bourgeoisie Monarch”: lack of social legislation
2. only rich voted for deputies (representatives of rep.)
3. refusal for electoral reform(voting rights)→ “February Revolutions”
4. bad harvests, worsening depression, and rising unemployment
B. February Revolution
a. of mainly middle class; caused Louis Philippe to abdicate to his grandson
b. the people were sick of monarchs and proclaimed provisional rep. led by 10 man executive committee
c. revolutionaries began drawing up liberal constitution for second republic
d. wanted democratic republic representing common people
e. compassion for freedom: freeing slaves, abolishment of death penalty, 10 hr work day in Paris
f. 2 Groups
i. moderate republicans of middle class wanting universal male suffrage but opposed all other concessions
ii. radical republicans (many artisans) committed to a form of socialism
C. National workshops
1. Blanc- represented republican socialists
a. advocated the right to work
b. supported permanent govt. sponsored workshops to employ workers
i. intermediate of capitalism and socialism
c. moderates wanted only temporary relief
d. compromise: national workshops→ great outcome
D. people of France
1. voted for constituent assembly
2. violent reaction (of upper, middle, and peasants) against socialism
a. socialism was the most characteristic aspect of revolution
3. clash of ideals also meant clash of classes
4. Blanc was dropped → causing invasion (May 15) of constituent assembly by workers
a. middle class national guard controlled them
5. workshops began to fill more and become more radical
a. June 22, they were dissolved
i. gave choice to join army or workshops in provinces
ii. caused a violent uprising (class war)
iii. “June days” army had support of Parisian peasants
iv. led by General Cavaignac
6. not a generous democratic republic but a constituent assembly with strong executive
a. caused Louis Napoleon (Bonaparte’s nephew) to win landslide victory
II. Austria
- fevered by French revolution
- liberals demanded written constitutions; representative govts; and greater liberties
- united front: urban workers, students, middle class liberals, and peasants → collapse of monarchs
- the reaction: monarchy, aristocracy, army reasserted authority and won
A. began in Hungary for autonomy (Kossuth)
1. refusal→ revolt with students, workers, and peasants
2. Habsburg emperor, Ferdinand I, promised concessions
B. Habsburg empire: still agricultural and serfdom still existed
1. March 20: abolished serfdom
C. now artisans and urban workers joined in w/ socialist demands→ caused middle class to shrink back
D. the great coalition was weakened by differing national aspirations
1. Hungary leaders pushed for a liberal constitution and a unified Hungary
a. minority groups (1/2 population) rejected unification
2. allowed monarchy to play on group off one another
E. archduchess Sophia was ashamed of Ferdinand and convinced him to abdicate for her son, Francis Joseph
1. June 17, army attacked working class revolts in Prague
2. end of October, Parisian army attacked students and working class in Vienna
3. determination of Austrian aristocracy and loyalty of army were final ingredients of victory
F. June 6, 1849 Russian troops by conservative Nicholas I helped to subdue Hungary
III. Prussia
- before 1848 liberal demands: liberal constitutional monarchy that led Geramn Confederation
- after French revolt: demands intensified: Frederick William IV caved to demands of artisans, factory workers and middle class liberals
A. March 21, promised liberal constitution and German state
a. urban workers wanted more; aristocracy wanted less than this promised constitutional liberalism
b. Frankfort Assembly: (May)writing of a federal constitution for German state
B. Issue of Schleswig and Holstein
a. inhabited by Germans but ruled by Denmark
b. Frederick VII king of Denmark tried to integrated them into Denmark state→ revolt by inhabited Germans
c. war b/w Prussia and Denmark
C. March 1849, finished drafting of constitution w/ Prussian king as emperor (not including S-H and Prussia)
a. Frederick William began reasserting authority: disbanded Prussian Constituent Assembly, and granted a conservative constitution, reasserted divine right, and refused to accept “crown from gutter”
b. revolutionaries in Frankfurt waited too long
D. Frederick William wanted only to be emperor on own terms
a. tried to get support of small monarchs of Germany
b. Austria, supported by Russia, forced Prussia to renounce all ideas of unification
c. liberal and conservative national state of Germany failed